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pseudotuberculosis, using a protein subunit as immunogen against CLA, failed to confer protection against infection with C. HSP-based DNA vaccines have been effective in several immunization trials against Mycobacterium spp. Strategies to more effectively induce immunity with HSPs include the use of DNA vaccines. Pathogen-derived HSPs can be used as vaccine antigens, and host- and pathogen-derived HSPs can be used as adjuvants. In the case of infectious diseases, HSPs could play a dual role in vaccine development. Several studies have shown that these versatile proteins can be used as antigens for the development of vaccines against diseases. Heat shock proteins are considered immunologically important due to the fact that they are recognized by the host in bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections and are therefore capable of inducing strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mammals. These proteins are expressed in unstressed cells at low levels, and play an important role in cell survival both under normal physiological conditions, during various phases of the cell cycle, cellular differentiation and growth, and under stress conditions, such as heat shock.
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Heat shock proteins (HSPs), or molecular chaperones, are traditionally classified according to their molecular weight they are highly conserved proteins, abundantly expressed in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
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pseudotuberculosis provide effective protection against CLA. None of the currently commercially available vaccines for C. pseudotuberculosis strains, fractions of bacterial cells containing bacterial antigens, antigens from culture supernatants, and DNA vaccines.
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Various strategies have been used for developing vaccines against CLA, including the use of inactivated or attenuated C. Therefore, attempts to control CLA usually entail immunoprophylaxis by vaccination. Ĭhemotherapeutic treatment of CLA is difficult because the bacteria are shielded within granulomas, where they are relatively protected from antibiotic drugs. The economic relevance of CLA, its widespread occurrence, and a lack of knowledge regarding its molecular mechanisms of virulence, have prompted the investigation of its pathogenesis with the aim to develop efficient treatment strategies against this disease. In severe cases, these abscesses are also found in internal organs, such as the lungs, kidneys, liver and spleen, characterizing visceral CLA. This chronic disease is pathognomonically characterized by the formation of suppurative abscesses in superficial and internal lymph nodes. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiological agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), or cheesy gland, which affects small ruminants (sheep and goats) and occasionally other hosts. The latter three genera, together with Corynebacterium, form a group of potentially pathogenic species termed the CMN group. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a facultative, intracellular, Gram-positive bacterium of the class Actinobacteria, which also includes the genera Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Rhodococcus.